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All parts are moddable to increase various statistics, like defense, radiation resistance, etc. The parts you can find are helm, left arm and leg, right arm and leg, and torso. You can mix and match parts on any frame. From weakest to strongest, they are Raider, T-45, T-51, T-60, and X-01. There is a frame, which is where you load the various parts into the frame. You get not only a frame, but a few parts connected in the starting Minuteman quest in Concord, along with your first fusion core (more on that in a second).
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To make a suit of power armor you need a frame. Movement doesn’t consume energy and unless stolen, power armor will remain where you leave it. There is some other basics to power armor, for instance, you can go inside buildings with it, talk to people, and loot items while in power armor.
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